情绪感知智能系统对于广泛的应用是必不可少的。这些系统由语言模型驱动,这主要落入两个范式:基于词汇和上下文。虽然最近的上下文模型越来越占主导地位,但由于它们的可解释性和易用性,我们仍然可以看到基于词汇的模型的需求。例如,基于词汇的模型允许研究人员容易地确定哪些单词和短语对测量情绪的变化有贡献。任何基于词汇的方法的挑战是,词典需要通过新的单词和表达进行常规扩展。在这里,我们提出了两个用于自动词典扩展的模型。我们的第一个模型建立了一种基线,采用简单而浅的神经网络,使用非上下文方法初始化了预先训练的单词嵌入。我们的第二种模式改进了我们的基线,具有深度变压器的网络,它带来了估计其词汇极性的单词定义。我们的评估表明,两种模型都能够以与亚马逊机械土耳其人的评论者相似的准确度,但是在成本的一小部分中,可以获得类似的准确性。
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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The crystallization of modeling methods around the Transformer architecture has been a boon for practitioners. Simple, well-motivated architectural variations can transfer across tasks and scale, increasing the impact of modeling research. However, with the emergence of state-of-the-art 100B+ parameters models, large language models are increasingly expensive to accurately design and train. Notably, it can be difficult to evaluate how modeling decisions may impact emergent capabilities, given that these capabilities arise mainly from sheer scale alone. In the process of building BLOOM--the Big Science Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual language model--our goal is to identify an architecture and training setup that makes the best use of our 1,000,000 A100-GPU-hours budget. Specifically, we perform an ablation study at the billion-parameter scale comparing different modeling practices and their impact on zero-shot generalization. In addition, we study the impact of various popular pre-training corpora on zero-shot generalization. We also study the performance of a multilingual model and how it compares to the English-only one. Finally, we consider the scaling behaviour of Transformers to choose the target model size, shape, and training setup. All our models and code are open-sourced at https://huggingface.co/bigscience .
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在这项工作中,我们介绍了亲和力-VAE:基于其相似性在多维图像数据中自动聚类和对象分类的框架。该方法扩展了$ \ beta $ -vaes的概念,其基于亲和力矩阵驱动的知情相似性损失组件。与标准的$ \ beta $ -VAE相比,该亲和力VAE能够在潜在表示中创建旋转不变的,形态上均匀的簇,并具有改进的群集分离。我们探讨了2D和3D图像数据上潜在空间的潜在分离和连续性的程度,包括模拟的生物电子冷冻术(Cryo-ET)体积,作为科学应用的一个例子。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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估计大规模森林AGB和精细的空间决议对于温室气体会计,监测和验证工作以减轻气候变化的范围变得越来越重要。机载LiDAR对于在包括AGB在内的森林结构的属性建模非常有价值,但大多数LiDAR收集都发生在涵盖不规则,不连续的足迹的本地或区域尺度上,导致不同景观细分市场在各个时间点进行拼布。在这里,作为纽约州(美国)全州森林碳评估的一部分,我们解决了利用激光雷达拼布在景观尺度上的雷达拼凑而成的障碍,包括选择培训数据,对预测的区域或覆盖范围的特定模式的调查错误,并绘制与多个量表的现场清单一致。三种机器学习算法和一个集合模型经过FIA场测量,空气传播的激光雷达和地形,气候和心形地理训练。使用一组严格的地块选择标准,选择了801个FIA图,并从17个叶子覆盖范围(2014-2019)的拼布中绘制的共同定位的点云(2014-2019)。我们的合奏模型用于在预测定义的适用性区域(占激光雷达覆盖率的98%)内生成30 m AGB的预测表面,并将所得的AGB图与FIA绘图级别和面积估计值进行比较。我们的模型总体准确(%RMSE 22-45%; MAE 11.6-29.4 mg ha $^{ - 1} $; me 2.4-6.3 mg ha $^{ - 1} $),解释了73-80%的领域 - 观察到的变化,并得出与FIA基于设计的估计值一致的估计值(FIA 95%CI中的估计值的89%)。我们分享实用的解决方案,以使用LIDAR的时空拼布面临的挑战来满足不断增长的AGB映射需求,以支持森林碳会计和生态系统中的应用。
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Novel plant communities reshape landscapes and pose challenges for land cover classification and mapping that can constrain research and stewardship efforts. In the US Northeast, emergence of low-statured woody vegetation, or shrublands, instead of secondary forests in post-agricultural landscapes is well-documented by field studies, but poorly understood from a landscape perspective, which limits the ability to systematically study and manage these lands. To address gaps in classification/mapping of low-statured cover types where they have been historically rare, we developed models to predict shrubland distributions at 30m resolution across New York State (NYS), using a stacked ensemble combining a random forest, gradient boosting machine, and artificial neural network to integrate remote sensing of structural (airborne LIDAR) and optical (satellite imagery) properties of vegetation cover. We first classified a 1m canopy height model (CHM), derived from a patchwork of available LIDAR coverages, to define shrubland presence/absence. Next, these non-contiguous maps were used to train a model ensemble based on temporally-segmented imagery to predict shrubland probability for the entire study landscape (NYS). Approximately 2.5% of the CHM coverage area was classified as shrubland. Models using Landsat predictors trained on the classified CHM were effective at identifying shrubland (test set AUC=0.893, real-world AUC=0.904), in discriminating between shrub/young forest and other cover classes, and produced qualitatively sensible maps, even when extending beyond the original training data. Our results suggest that incorporation of airborne LiDAR, even from a discontinuous patchwork of coverages, can improve land cover classification of historically rare but increasingly prevalent shrubland habitats across broader areas.
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与痴呆症相关的认知障碍(CI)在全球范围内影响超过5500万人,并且每3秒钟以一个新病例的速度迅速增长。随着临床试验反复出现的失败,早期诊断至关重要,但是在低水平和中等收入国家中,全球75%的痴呆症病例未被诊断为90%。众所周知,当前的诊断方法是复杂的,涉及对医学笔记,大量认知测试,昂贵的脑部扫描或脊柱液体测试的手动审查。与CI相关的信息经常在电子健康记录(EHR)中找到,并且可以为早期诊断提供重要线索,但是专家的手动审查是繁琐的,并且容易发生。该项目开发了一种新型的最新自动筛选管道,用于可扩展和高速发现EHR中的CI。为了了解EHR中复杂语言结构的语言环境,构建了一个8,656个序列的数据库,以训练基于注意力的深度学习自然语言处理模型以对序列进行分类。使用序列级别分类器开发了基于逻辑回归的患者级别预测模型。深度学习系统的精度达到了93%,AUC = 0.98,以识别其EHR中没有较早诊断,与痴呆有关的诊断代码或与痴呆有关的药物的患者。否则,这些患者将未被发现或检测到太晚。 EHR筛选管道已部署在Neurahealthnlp中,这是一种用于自动化和实时CI筛选的Web应用程序,只需将EHR上传到浏览器中即可。 Neurahealthnlp更便宜,更快,更容易获得,并且胜过当前的临床方法,包括基于文本的分析和机器学习方法。它使得早期诊断可在稀缺的医疗服务中可行,但可访问的互联网或蜂窝服务。
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痴呆症是一种神经退行性疾病,导致认知下降,并影响全世界超过5000万人。痴呆症是由医疗保健专业人士诊断的 - 只有患有痴呆症的四个人中只有一名诊断出来。即使制造诊断,也可能无法作为患者图表中的疾病(ICD)诊断码的结构化国际分类。与认知障碍(CI)有关的信息通常在电子健康记录(EHR)中发现,但专家临床医生票据的手工审查既耗时,往往容易出错。本票据的自动化挖掘为在EHR数据中标记有认知障碍患者的机会。我们开发了自然语言处理(NLP)工具,以识别具有认知障碍的患者,并证明语言背景提高了认知障碍分类任务的性能。我们微调我们的注意力深入学习模型,可以从复杂的语言结构中学习,并且相对于基线NLP模型的精度(0.93)大大提高(0.84)。此外,我们表明深度学习NLP可以成功识别没有痴呆相关的ICD代码或药物的痴呆症患者。
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最近已被证明大型语言模型在各种任务集中获得合理的零射普通化(Brown等,2020)。它已经假设这是语言模型的隐式多任务学习的结果,在语言模型中的预押(Radford等,2019)。可以通过明确的多任务学习直接引起零拍常规化?为了以缩放测试这个问题,我们开发一个系统,以便轻松地将任何自然语言任务映射到人类可读的提示表单中。我们转换一组大量的监督数据集,每个数据集都有多个提示,具有不同的措辞。这些提示的数据集允许基准测试模型执行完全看不见的任务的能力。我们介绍了一个普拉克尔编码器 - 解码器模型(Raffel等,2020; Lester等,2021),覆盖各种任务。该模型在多个标准数据集中达到强大的零点性能,通常优于其尺寸的型号超过16倍。此外,我们的方法对来自Big-替补基准测试的任务子集具有强烈性能,优于其尺寸的6倍。所有提示和培训的型号都可以在https://github.com/ bigscience-workshop / protectsource / httpsource / https://huggingface.co/bigscience/t0pp。
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